LOCALLY USED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN UTTARAKHAND AND HIMACHAL PRADESH:

Scientific Name (Specimen Number, Family) Local Name Part Used Uses Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich ex Royle (3241, Ranunculaceae) Patish, Atish Roots Dried roots are powdered and taken orally to cure stomach ache and fever. Aesculus indica (Colebr. ex Cambess) Hook. (7029, Hippocastanaceae) Khnor, Panger Fruits Fruits are used for preparing a nutritious recipe called "Sik". It is a pre- and post- pregnancy food for ladies. It is also used for curing excessive bleeding and pain during menses. Ajuga bracteosa Wallich ex Benth. (4550, Lamiaceae) Neel-kanthi Leaves Leaf powder is given to cure ulcer of mouth. Decoction of leaves (3–4 drops) is given thrice a day to small children (4–5 months old) who have breathing problems and also to cure internal sores. Ainsliaea aptera DC. (5267, Asteraceae) Kandyari Roots Crushed roots are used for gastric problems. Oily and sour food items are avoided. Angelica glauca Edgew. (5266, Apiaceae) Chora Roots Root powder is (1–2 g) is consumed daily for a week with "Gud" (jaggery) to cure fever and cold. It is also used as spice in local dishes. Anemone rupicola Cambess (5297, Ranunculaceae) Kakrya Leaves The sap obtained after crushing the leaves is used in treating ears with pus. Artemisia sieversiana Willd. (5262, Asteraceae) Charmara Leaves Decoction of leaves is given to the pregnant ladies as an abortifacient. Paste prepared from the leaves is also applied on wounds to cure pain and swelling. Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex. DC. (5251, Berberidaceae) Chunchri, kasmul Roots The roots are used for curing diabetes and jaundice. Fresh roots are cut into small pieces and decoction is prepared. This is later filtered through a cloth, concentrated and dried in shade. Small pills (each of ca. 1–1.5 g) are made from this. For adults, 3 pills a day are recommended with the sap of bitter guard (locally called "karella") to cure diabetes. These pills are also consumed with "Kujja Mishri" (local sweet made out of sugar) and water to cure jaundice. Berberis lycium Royle (5252, Berberidaceae) Kashmal Roots & new shoot apices The roots are dried in shade and boiled in water. This decoction is concentrated at low temperature and finally dried. The dried product is called "Rasaunt" and is used to cure eye infection. New vegetative apical shoots are also used for the same purpose. These are crushed and the sap is applied directly on the eyes. Bergenia ciliata (Haworth) Sternb. (5254, Saxifragaceae) Sadpottar, Daruhaldi Roots Root decoction is taken empty stomach in the morning for 3 months to cure kidney stones. Cannabis sativa L. (4857, Cannabinaceae) Bhang Seeds Oil extracted from dry seeds is applied to cure paralysis and joint pain. It is also applied to cure fever caused by severe cold. Concentrated and dried sap extracted from the leaves is mixed with mustard oil and applied internally, as well as externally to cure piles. Cirsium wallichii DC. (5260, Asteraceae) Bursa Root Root powder taken with water in early morning helps to cure gastric problems. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon (226, Poaceae) Drub Aerial parts Entire aboveground parts are crushed with water. Two to three drops of this extract are poured in the nostril to cure nasal bleeding. Fragaria nubicola Lindley ex Lacaita (5259, Rosaceae) Kida-bhumla Aerial parts Decoction of plant is consumed twice a day for 5–6 days in the morning and evening to cure fever. Grewia optiva Drummond ex Burret (358, Teliaceae) Dhaman, Bhemal Leaves Fresh leaves are boiled in water to prepare decoction which is further concentrated at low temperatures. The concentrated paste is applied to cure joint pains. Malva parviflora L. (5280, Malvaceae) Nasochal Aerial parts Entire plant is boiled in water to prepare decoction. It is used for abortion. Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planchon (5256, Vitaceae) Amru bail Aerial parts & Root Sap collected by giving a cut in the above ground portion of the plant is drunk to cure leucorrhoea. It is also used to cure piles but is not recommended for male as it may cause impotency. Further, the paste prepared from the roots is also applied externally over the wounds and boils to inhibit puss formation. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. (4524, Scrophulariaceae) Kurro, Kutki Roots/Rhizome Fresh as well as dry roots/rhizomes are ground with water to prepare a paste. The paste is applied to cure joint pains. It is also used for curing fever. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. (3520, Pinaceae) Chir Needle The green needles are ground and sap is extracted. It is taken to increase the flow of urine. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All (5249, Liliaceae) Salam mishri, Meda Roots Fresh roots are cleaned, broken into small pieces and kept in water overnight. Next day these are ground in the same water. About 10 ml of this solution is taken regularly empty stomach in the morning to cure spermatorrhaea (locally called Dhat) and piles. Polygonum amplexicaule D.Don (4559, Polygonaceae) Mindle Roots Root sap is extracted and applied to cure fresh wound in the eyes. Prinsepia utilis Royle (5257, Rosaceae) Bakhel Roots Root extract is taken orally as an antidote to neutralize the effect of poison intake. Root paste after heating at low temperature in an earthen pot is applied on wounds. Prunus cerasoides D.Don (3853, Rosaceae) Pajja Stem bark Decoction of stem bark is concentrated at low temperature and applied to cure joint pains. Ranunculus hirtellus Royle (5289, Ranunculaceae) Goodi Roots Roots of plant are crushed with cow's urine to make a paste. The paste is applied at the base of thumb. If the swelling is on the right testes then the paste is applied at the base of left hand thumb and vice versa. The paste should not be kept for more than 20 minutes and is applied only once. Rheum australe D.Don (3244, Polygonaceae) Chukri, Archa Aerial parts Whole plant is crushed and poultice is made in a cotton cloth. This is then heated and applied to cure swelling, which has developed as a result of fractured bone. Rhododendron arboreum Smith (4512, Ericaceae) Brah, Burans Flower Flowers are crushed and snuffed to stop nasal bleeding. Rubus niveus Thunb. (5258, Rosaceae) Khiradi Fresh root tips Fresh root tips are used for curing excessive bleeding during menstrual cycle. The root tips are made into a paste with water and small pills are made. One pill per day, preferably with butter made from buffalo milk, is taken empty stomach in the morning for 7 days. The original rootstock of the plants is avoided. Rumex hastatus D.Don (4522, Polygonaceae) Almoru Leaves Leaves are believed to have cooling properties and help in stopping nasal bleeding. Rumex nepalensis Sprengel (4522, Polygonaceae) Albar Leaves Leaves are crushed and applied on wounds as an anti- allergic. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. (2100, Asteraceae) Kuth Roots Root paste is applied externally to cure joint pains. Selinum tenuifolium Wallich ex C.B. Clarke (4523, Apiaceae) Matoshal Roots Root is powdered and mixed with mustard oil and applied on the body of women to cure swelling which develops after delivery. Stellaria media (L.) Villars (5269, Caryophyllaceae) Khukawa Seeds and leaves About 20 dry seeds/day of the plant are given to the children to cure skin infections. The leaf paste of the plant is also applied on wounds caused by burning. Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten (4558, Gentianaceae) Chirayta Aerial parts Entire plant is ground, boiled in water and filtered. 1–2 drops of filtered decoction is given to children against skin infections. Thalictrum foliolosum DC. (5277, Ranunculaceae) Barmot Roots Dried root powder mixed with Thymus linearis in equal proportion is taken regularly to cure stomach pain and gastric trouble. Viola pilosa Blume (4526, Violaceae) Vanaksa Flower Fresh flowers are boiled in water and decoction is prepared. The decoction is used as tea to cure fever, cough and cold.

Story of Arisaema in Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand Himalaya

Uttarkashi, one of the district of Garhwal Himalaya of Uttarakhand State, has an area of about 8,016 sq. km. And is situated between 30-32 N latitude and 78 – 79 E longitude. The forests in the district are quite rich and diverse which can be divided into evergreen, semi evergreen, deciduous, sub tropical pine forests and temperate types. The temperature of the hills varies from 2.7 to 23.5 C and in lower ranges from 4.3 to 35 C. Heavy snow fall occurs above 2500 m and comes down to about 1500 M.

Arisaema

Family – Araceae

The tuberous roots of many species can be ground into a flour  and eaten.

The tubers contain minute sharp particles which can damage  the digestive tract.

Male and female flowers borne on separate plants.

Fruit a cylindrical cluster of red berries.

Leaves either with 03 leaflets, trifoliate; or with 05 or more equal leaflets spreading finger like form the tip of the leaf stalk,

 All  mid – veins connecting with each other at a same  point, digitate;

05 or more leaflets with the two outer smaller leaflets, with their mid – veins not connecting at a same point, pedate;

 07 – 11 equal leaflets spreading or radiating round the apex  of leaf stalk, radiate.

Arisaema costatum ( Wallich) Martius ex Schott 

 2000 – 2600 m.  Shrubberies. May – Jun.

 Spathe dark purple with longitudinal white strip, 8 – 12 cm. Long, the blade down – curved and with a tail like tip 1 – 4 cm. Long.

Spadix appendage very long, 15-45 cm.

Its leaflets have very numerous parallel lateral veins which are conspicuously raised beneath;

Leaflets 03, elliptic to ovate 10-20 cm.,

The outer leaflets unequal with an angled based on the outer side and a narrow wedge shaped base on the inner side ;

Flowering stem greenish shorter than the leaves, to 40 c.m.

Arisaema propinquum Schott. (A.wallichianum Hook. F.)  

 2400 – 3600 m. Forests, shrubberies, open slopes. May – Jun.

 Spathe dark purple or green with longitudinal ribbed inside, white or purple strips, 10 – 15 cm. long, the blade oblong - ovate and with a tail like tip 1 – 4 cm. long.

Spadix appendage long, thread like 8-20 cm. Somewhat thick at its base.

Leaflets 03, rhombic to ovate 8-20 cm. By 4-15 cm. Wide; leaf stalk often brown spotted 15-70 cm.

Ariesma intermedia Blume. 

2100-3000 m. Forests. May – jun.

Spathe pale yellowish – green, rarely striped dark purple, with  an ovate – lanciolate  blade narrowed to a short tail like tip 2-3 cm. Long.

 Spadix appendage very long, slender, 15-45 cm., curved upwards from its broader purple base then hanging down wards and white.

 Leaves 1-2; leaflets 03,  ovate long pointed, the 02 lateral  leaflets very unequal sided, minutely net veined beneath, 9-20 cm.; leaf stalk slender 15-50 cm.;  flowering stem much shorter than leaf stalk.

flowering stem much shorter than leaf stalk.

Leaves with 5-20 leaflets; spadix usually without long whip-like appendage.

A leaves digitate or pedate, with 5 or more leaflets. Spathe small 2-4 cm.; yellowish.

Arisaema flavum (Forsskal) Schott 

 1800 – 4600 m.  Open forests, stony slopes. May – Jun.

Distinguished from all other species by its very small spathe which has a yellowish green ovoid tube, and a small yellowish   or greenish triangular blade 1.5-4.0 cm. Which is usually  dark purple inside at least in the lower part. Spadix appendage very short, ellipsoid, greenish or yellowish. Leaves pedate, with 5-11 oblong lanceolate pointed  leaflets 2.5-12 cm. long;  Flowering stem 10-40 cm. Spathe more than 6 cm., not yellowish Spadix appendage long slender, curved upwards.

Arisaema tortuosum  ( Wallich) Schott 

1500-3000 m. Forests, shrubberies, open slopes.  May – Jun.

Spathe green, somewhat glaucous, rarely purple, blade ovate acute 4-12 cm., curved forward. Spadix distinctive with a rather thick up-curved appendage gradually tapering to a long green or some times dark purple erect tail like tip 8-12 cm. A tall plant, often to 150 cm., with usually 02 pedate leaves with 5-7 variable, broadly ovate to oblanceolate abruptly pointed leaflets, and a leaf stalk 5-20 cm. Spadix appendage short.

Arisaema jacquemontii  Blume

2400-4000 m. Shrubberies, rocky slopes; common in upper forest and lower alpine zones. Jun. – Aug.

Distinguished from  A. tortuosum by its green sometimes white striped spathe which has a long up – curved green or dark purple tail tip, while in contrast the appendage is short-cylindrical, dark purple and projects forwards only a short distance from the mouth of the spathe  tube.

A smaller plant 10-70 cm., usually with 1 leaf which is digitate  with 5-9 narrow elliptic to ovate long pointed leaflets.

Nursery Practices in Alpine Herbal Hub

This year (2011) we have grown more than 12 lac of Seedlings and Saplings of Aconite (Atish), Picrorhiza (Kutaki), Inula (Puskarmul), Saussurea (Kuth) and Apple.

POISONOUS HERB & HERBAL REMEDIES IN HIGHER HIMALAYA

ABSTRACT
The present communication provides information about the highly poisonous plant species belonging to the family ranunculaceae having ethno- medico – botanical values commonly used by the tribal communities of Garhwal Himalayas. Uses of other plant species to reduce the toxicity of poisonous content in folk medicines have also been incorporated.
[Key words: Araceae, ranunculaceae, eleaegnaceae, sanctuary, poison.]


INTRODUCTION
While considering the role of individual discipline of plant sciences in socio – economic development and environmental management, we feel that virtually no single discipline can be ascribed to be solely responsible for it. There should be an interdisciplinary approach to achieve the goal of balanced environment for the society. One must start with traditional beliefs and uses associated with the plants, i.e., ethno-botany (Badoni et al., 1989).

In India ethno botanical studies have been carried out by several workers through different approaches (Jain, 1987). A popular and widely followed approach is to study a particular group from ethno botanical point of view (Borthakur, 1976; Joshi, 1982; Anderson, 1986), while the other to a particular geographical region, irrespective of number of inhabiting populations (Rao & Neogi, 1980; Maheshwari et al., 1981). Studies on particular group of plants based on their utility like medicinal plants, wild food, fibre, timber etc., are also not uncommon (Shah & Gopal, 1986; Bist et al., 1988).

During the last two decades, a new impetus has been added to study a single plant genus or family (Jain & Banerjee, 1974; Shah, 1977; Gaur et al., 1986).

The present communication is devoted to the poisonous plant species growing in Garhwal Himalayas. As far as their uses and harm ness are concerned, these are economically/ ethno-botanically of paramount value.There use range from edible to medicinal, etc. Perusal through literature revealed that the uses mentioned in this communication are unknown or less known (Chopra et al., 1956, 1969, Kirtikar & Basu, 1935).

STUDY AREA
Uttarkashi district of Garhwal Himalaya is quite rich and diverse which can be divided into evergreen, semi evergreen, deciduous, sub tropical pine forests and temperate types. The temperature of the hills varies from 2.7 to 23.5 C and in lower ranges from 4.3 to 35 C. Heavy snow fall occurs above 2500 m and comes down to about 1500 M.
The present study carried out during the year 2000 to 2006 in the Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, situated in Uttarkashi district. It spreads over an area of 957.969 sq. km. and altitude varies from 1300 mts. to 6323 mts. The average annual precipitation varies from 1000 to 1500 mm, most of which occurs as monsoon rains (July to Sept.).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Various ethno-medico-botanical tours to the several pockets of sanctuary area have been undertaken and the data are collected in the field by interviewing reliable persons from tribal communities.
First hand information on these plants was gathered from shepherds, local Vaidyas (medicinal practitioners), Gugars and other experienced persons of the communities. The plant specimens were properly identified from Forest Research Institute (FRI) and Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Dehra Dun.
In the observation, the scientific binomials have been given first, followed by vernacular name (s).

OBSERVATIONS

POISONOUS HERBS
Aconitum atrox Bruehl
Family : Ranunculaceae
Vern. : Meetha bish, Sans. - Vatsnabh, Eng. – Indian Aconite.
Fl. & Fr. : Aug. – Nov.
Poisonous Part: The whole plant, but mainly the tuberous root of it.

Erect herb, biennial; fusiform, tuberous roots; stem branched and simple 2 to 2.5 m. in height, leaves stalk is short in upper and long in lower, palmate leaves deeply three lobed, Raceme inflorescence up to 45 cm. high, helmet shaped sepals, blue pubescent and 05 in number. Two uppermost petals are hooded and glabrous enclosed in the helmet.
Occurrence in open grassy slopes, up to 3000 m.
Secondary metabolites, alkaloids 1.2% and 0.4% a highly poisonous element seudo-aconitine is found in the tuberous roots of Aconitum atrox.

Poisonous effect:
I. The largest amount of poisonous elements is formed in the new roots (daughter tubers) which spring up in the plant parts after April and that remains there up to August.
II. The animal and human beings with the effect of this poison, becomes senseless and the quantum of senselessness depends on the quantity of poison that reaches into the body. (If one scratches or rub the root by hand and than slashes by the tongue the senselessness will continue for approximately one to two hours)
III. Generally the animals does not graze this plant but at the time of grazing, if the root or its parts taken up by the animals.

Arisaema tortuosum ( Wallich) Schott (Vern. – Kauwa ki maki).
Family : Araceae
Vern. – Sanp-Ki-Makki
Fl. & Fr. : May – Jun.
Poisonous Part—The whole plant, but mainly the tuberous root of it.

Spathe green, somewhat glaucous, rarely purple, blade ovate acute 4-12 cm., curved forward. Spadix distinctive with a rather thick up-curved appendage gradually tapering to a long green or some times dark purple erect tail like tip 8-12 cm. A tall plant, often to 150 cm., with usually 02 pedate leaves with 5-7 variable, broadly ovate to oblanceolate abruptly pointed leaflets, and a leaf stalk 5-20 cm. Spadix appendage short.

Poisonous effect:
1 The poisonous element is formed in the roots which spring up in the plant parts after April.
2 The effect of this poison is senseless the mouth and the quantum of senselessness depends on the quantity of poison that reaches into the body.

HERBAL REMEDIES
Some locally growing wild species are used by the shepherds, local Vaidyas (medicinal practitioners), Gugars and other experienced persons of the communities to reduce the poisonous effect of Aconitum atrox. Those species are:

Hippophae rhamnoides L.
Family: Elaeagnaceae
Vern.- Amish, Chuke, Amlich, & Khatta. Sans. - Amlvados. Eng.:- Seabuckthorn.
Fl.: March – May, & Fr.: Oct. – Dec.
Usable Part: Fruits
Sea buckthorn is a dioecious, multi-branched thorny shrub or small tree, reaching 2 to 4 mtr. In hight with stout branches forming a round often symmetrical head a tree like appearance. It has brown or black rough bark and thick grayish-green cover (Rousi 1971).
Leaves are alternate, narrow 4 to 6 cm long, and lanciolate with a silver – gray colour on the upper side, appear from April to November (Synge 1974). Staminate and pollinate flowers are inconspicuous appearing before the leaves in June to July for a week. The fruit is tightly clustered on two year old branches. Female plant bears fruit, from mid August to April, which is sub globous, 6 to 10 mm long and up to 6 mm in diameter, turning yellow to orange when mature in mid September (Akkermans et al.1983).

Method to use:
To reduce the intensity of poison, fruit juice of seabuckthorn is used in a small quantity after adding water in a ratio 1:8 because it has a higher percentage of acetic acid. That liquid is given to the affected human beings and animals after an interval of one or two
minute in continuity for long time when that comes out from that effect.

Paris polyphylla Smith
Family: Liliaceae
Vern. Satwa, Eng. Herb Paris
Fl. & Fr.: May – Sept.
Usable Part: Rhizome
Glabrous, erect herb; unbranched 30 – 70 cm. high stem. 4 – 9 stalked leaves whorled at the upper half of the stem, acuminate, lanceolate. Flower short stalked, greenish, terminal, solitary. 10 – 12 stamens, short filaments. Seeds many, ovoid or scarlet.
Common in shady and damp Oak – Forests.

Method to use:
To reduce poisonous effect rhizome of satwa is also utilized after rubbing on the clean stone and that past mixed in water in a ratio 1 :15. That liquid is dropped in the affected animal’s mouth for a long time drop by drop.

Prunus armeniaca L.,
Family: Rosaceae
Vern. : Chulu, Hin. : Khubani, Eng.: Apricot
Fl. : Mar. – Apr.,& Fr. : Apr. – Jun.
Usable Part: Fruit, Seeds & flowers.
Tree, dark brown bark with 20 m height. Elliptic or ovate leaves, acute, glabrous; glandular long petiole. Flowers solitary or sasscicled, while tinged with pink. Calyx 5 lobed; petals 5, Short pedicle white flowers appearing before young leaves, tinged with pink in center. Drupes pale yellow ovoid glabrous fleshy stones smooth.
Commonly cultivated at middle Himalayan regions up to 2000 m.

Method to use:
Local uses: Fruits are edible. Seed oil medicinal used as manage oil to relief body pairs.
Therapeutic use: The apricot is a well know favorite fruit and it is eaten both fresh and dried. The seeds are eaten in the same way as almonds and in fact, form a valuable substitute. The oil extracted from the seeds is largely used for cooking etc.

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